Microprocessor with assembly language
Bit: A bit is the abbreviation of the term binary digit. A Binary digit can only have two values, represented by the symbols 0 and 1, whereas a decimal digit can have 10 values. Represented by the symbols 0 through 9.
Bit size: bit size is actually the number of bits which can be accessed at a time by the arithmetic circuits of microprocessor.
Representation of different Bit size:
- A 4 bit wide memory location is often called a nibble. It is used in world’s first microprocessor the Intel 4004 introduced in 1971.
- An 8-bit wide memory location is referred to as a byte, It is first used in intel 8008 microprocessor.
- A 16 bit wide memory location is often called a word. It is used in 8086 and 8088 microprocessor.
Arithmetic and logic unit: An arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logic operations. The size of alu defines the size of the microprocessor. For example: the Motorola 680000is a 16 bit microprocessor since its ALU is 16 bits wide.
Microprocessor: The microprocessor sometimes referred to as the CPU (Central Processing Unit is the controlling element in a computer system. The microprocessor controls memory and I/O through a series of connections called as buses. In general microprocessor contains the ALU. Control units and registers.
Three main task performed by microprocessor:
- Data transfer between itself and the memory.
- simple arithmetic and logic operations and
- Program flow via simple decisions.
Rom (Read Only memory): ROM is a storage medium for the groups if bits and its content cannot be altered once programmed, A rom is a nonvolatile storage device which means that its contents are retained in the event of a loss of power to the ROM chip. Exception-PROM,EPROM etc.
RAM ( Random access memory): RAM is a storage medium whose contents can be not only be read but also dynamically altered at specific addresses. Unlike ROM,RAM provides volatile storage i.e its contents are lost in the event of a power failure,
Register: A register is a volatile storage medium which can store a number of bits. The main characteristic of register is that, it can operate very fast.
Instruction Set: The instruction set of a microprocessor is the list of commands that the microprocessor is designed to execute.
Bus: A bus is a common group of wires that interconnect components in a computer system, A microprocessor has normally an address bus, a data bus and a control bus.
Microprocessor Programming language: MPL can be divided into three main types.
- Machine language: A machine language program consist of either binary or hexadecimal Operation code. Machine language is unique for each microprocessor. For example: Intel 8085 uses the code 100011102 for its addition instruction.
- Assembly Language: Assembly language program uses some common English-language –type statements, which is convenient to understand and focus the real world communication. It is generally composed of four filed.
I. Label filed
II. Instruction mnemonic or operation code field.
III. Operand filed
IV. Comment field.
Example- START:
MOV AX 10H: Initialize AX with 10,
INC CX : Increment CX
NOP : No Operation
- High Level language: High level language is a problem oriented language. The programmer does not have to know the details of the architecture of the microprocessor and instructions set.
Practical Application of microprocessor : The application area of microprocessor is large as it is well suited to dedicated controllers, personal computers, automobiles etc.. some of them are—
i. Furnace temperature control,
ii. Personal computers
iii. Real time robotic control
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